March for Babies Walk Safety and Risk Management

American nonprofit organization

March of Dimes

Formation	Jan 3, 1938; 84 years ago  (1938-01-03)
Founder	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Headquarters	Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.
President	Stacey D. Stewart
Website	marchofdimes.org
Formerly called	National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (1938) National Foundation (1958) March of Dimes Nativity Defects Foundation (1976)

March of Dimes is a U.s.a. nonprofit organization that works to improve the health of mothers and babies.^[1] The organisation was founded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938, as the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, to combat polio. The proper noun "March of Dimes" was coined by Eddie Cantor. Later funding Jonas Salk's polio vaccine, the system expanded its focus to the prevention of birth defects and infant mortality. In 2005, as preterm birth emerged as the leading cause of expiry for children worldwide,^[ii] inquiry and prevention of premature nativity became the arrangement's principal focus.^[3]

Organization [edit]

March of Dimes improves the wellness of mothers and babies through five programming areas: medical research, teaching of pregnant women, customs programs, authorities advocacy, and support of meaning women and mothers.^[4] The organisation provides women and families with educational resource on baby health, pregnancy, preconception and new maternity, too equally supplying information and support to families in the NICU who are affected past prematurity, birth defects, or other babe health issues.^[3]

The system began in 1938 equally the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. In 1976 it became known as the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. In 2007, the formal name became the March of Dimes Foundation.^[5]

Anti-polio efforts [edit]

FDR's personal secretary Missy LeHand with 30,000 messages containing ten-cent contributions to the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis that arrived at the White House the morning time of January 28, 1938

The group was founded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Jan 3, 1938, every bit a response to U.Southward. epidemics of polio, a status that can exit people with permanent physical disabilities. Roosevelt was himself diagnosed with polio in 1921, although his symptoms are now known to be more consistent with Guillain–Barré syndrome – an autoimmune neuropathy which Roosevelt's doctors failed to consider as a diagnostic possibility.^[6] The foundation was an alliance betwixt scientists and volunteers, with volunteers raising money to back up research and education efforts.^[five]

The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis was a reconstitution of the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation, which Roosevelt and his friend Basil O'Connor founded with other friends in 1927.^[7] O'Connor became the foundation's president, a position he held for more iii decades. His first task was to create a network of local capacity that could raise money and deliver aid; more than three,100 county chapters were established during his tenure.^[v]

The name "March of Dimes" — a play on the gimmicky radio and newsreel serial, The March of Fourth dimension — was coined by phase, screen and radio star Eddie Cantor.^{[viii] [9]} He inspired a nationwide fundraising campaign in the week preceding President Roosevelt'southward birthday on January thirty, 1938. Lapel pins were sold for ten cents each; special features were produced by the movement moving-picture show studios and radio industry; and nightclubs and cabarets held dances and contributed a portion of the gain.^[10] As Cantor himself stated, "The March of Dimes will enable all persons, even the children, to prove our President that they are with him in this boxing against this disease. Nearly anybody can send in a dime, or several dimes. All the same, it takes just ten dimes to brand a dollar and if a meg people send only one dime, the total will be $100,000." Cantor's appeal collected but few dimes and donation to begin with, only $17.fifty had been sent in to the White House in two days. But what followed was a flood: by January 29, over lxxx,000 letters with dimes, quarters and dollars poured into the White House mailroom so that official correspondence to the President was buried in donation letters, with a last count of 2,680,000 dimes or $268,000 donated in what the press called "a argent tide which actually swamped the White House."^[11] Roosevelt went on the air to express his cheers, maxim:

"During the past few days bags of mail have been coming, literally by the truck load, to the White House," Roosevelt said during his birthday celebration broadcast January thirty, 1938. "Yesterday between xl and fifty thousand letters came to the mail room of the White House. Today an even greater number — how many I cannot tell you — for we tin only estimate the actual count past counting the mail numberless. In all the envelopes are dimes and quarters and even dollar bills — gifts from grown-ups and children — mostly from children who want to aid other children go well. … It is glorious to have one's altogether associated with a work like this."^[12]

Donald Anderson was the very first "poster child" to raise money for the March of Dimes. He was from Oregon and had been diagnosed with polio in 1943. Photos were taken of Donald in an almost paralyzed state. Another photograph was taken seven months later to show how he had improved afterwards receiving treatment funded by the foundation. His story was meant to show how regular, everyday Americans had helped Donald during his fourth dimension in the polio ward by altruistic to the March of Dimes.^[13]

The March of Dimes was the title used for the foundation's annual fundraising event that requested each kid donate a dime. At the Christmas flavour, booths were set upwards in cities where the children could drop their dime in a slot. These were out on the street and sometimes non even overseen by anyone. Gradually the name became synonymous with that of the organization.^[14]

"His genius was in generating big numbers of relatively small contributions for a cause," The New York Times wrote of O'Connor. "Over the years he collected and spent more than than seven billion dimes — many of them from schoolchildren — with a half-billion dollars of it going to the war on polio."^[seven]

Publisher Gerard Piel credited O'Connor with a "unique social invention: a permanently self-sustaining source of funds for the support of research — the voluntary health organization." With a centralized assistants, state and local capacity and a large corps of volunteers, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis became the prototype for dozens of like foundations.^[vii]

In 1945, a journalist named Elaine Whitelaw created the women's sectionalization for the March of Dimes. Her main reason for doing so was to empower women, every bit primary caregivers, to come up together to support the foundation'south crusade. The division'due south very outset outcome was a fashion evidence in the Waldorf Astoria in New York Urban center, which was a bully success and had a large turnout.^[15]

Following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, at that place was an entirely new challenge to fighting polio: Hollywood studios decided that the March of Dimes would no longer be immune to collect donations from movie theater audiences, taking away a bully portion of the foundation's funding. The foundation realized that his connection to the people, and to polio, was what had made Roosevelt effective at raising funds. The foundation sought a new way to brand people experience a connexion to polio by reminding families that this illness cripples small children and that mothers, especially, should protect those children.^[16] Considering Franklin D. Roosevelt founded the March of Dimes, a redesign of the dime was chosen to honour him after his death.^[viii] The Roosevelt dime was issued in 1946, on what would have been the president'due south 64th birthday.

From 1938 through the approval of the Salk vaccine in 1955, the foundation spent $233 meg on polio patient intendance, which led to more than 80 percent of U.Due south. polio patients' receiving significant foundation aid.^[17]

Sabin vaccine and conflict with the March of Dimes [edit]

Around the same time, Albert Sabin (besides with funding from the March of Dimes) adult a simpler version of the vaccine, which was based on an attenuated live version of the polio virus.^{[xviii] [19]} Both Salk's version and Sabin'due south version had potential safety concerns; Salk's vaccine had the adventure of a virus which is not completely inactivated, while Sabin'southward vaccine had the risk of reversion to virulence.^[twenty]

In 1955, a batch of Salk's vaccine made by Cutter Laboratories in California was inadequately inactivated and, equally a upshot, xi children died. After this incident, production methods were changed and no further incidents were reported. Sabin became highly critical of O'Connor and the March of Dimes, who he believed were biased towards Salk's vaccine and made statements inconsistent with the scientific research. In the meantime, trials of the vaccine based on Sabin's version were carried out in the Soviet Union with of import contributions made past Mikhail Chumakov.^{[20] [xviii] [6]}

In 1958, the Soviet Union organized industrial product of this vaccine and polio was largely eradicated in Eastern Europe and Nippon. This success led to trials in the U.s.a. every bit well and the licensing of Sabin's vaccine in 1961, over the considerable opposition of the March of Dimes, which supported Salk'due south vaccine. Eventually, Sabin'southward vaccine superseded Salk's vaccine based on its advantages, which included a simpler (oral) administration and lifelong immunity.^{[twenty] [18] [6]}

Gallery [edit]

• 

  FDR receives a $1 meg check, proceeds from the start President's Birthday Ball (1934)

• 

  Eleanor Roosevelt with celebrities invited to Washington, D.C., for the 1937 President'south Birthday Ball

• 

  FDR buys a certificate enrolling him as "Founder No. 1" of the new National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (1938)

• 

  Poster for the 1939 President's Birthday Brawl

• 

  Eleanor Roosevelt buys the offset ticket for the 1940 President's Birthday Brawl

• 

  Eleanor Roosevelt with celebrities invited to Washington, D.C., for the 1944 President's Birthday Brawl

• 

  Eleanor Roosevelt and Lucille Brawl at the 1944 President's Birthday Ball

• 

  1944 President's Birthday Ball

• 

  Eleanor Roosevelt with celebrities invited to Washington, D.C., for the 1945 President'south Birthday Brawl

Change of mission [edit]

March of Dimes polio poster (1957)

Following widespread use of the polio vaccine, the organization was faced with disbanding or steering its resources toward a new mission. Basil O'Connor, and then the organization's president, directed his staff to identify strengths and weaknesses and reformulate its mission.^[5] The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) shortened its proper noun to the National Foundation (NF) in 1958 and launched its "Expanded Program" against birth defects, arthritis, and virus diseases, seeking to become a "flexible strength" in the field of public health.^{[21] [22]}

In the mid-1960s, the organization focused its efforts on prevention of birth defects and baby mortality, which became its mission.^{[21] [22]} At that fourth dimension, the cause of birth defects was unknown; merely the effects were visible. In 1976, the system inverse its proper noun to the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation.^[five] Reducing the cost of premature nascence was added every bit a mission objective in 2005.

Initiatives after polio [edit]

Rubella [edit]

Rubella, besides called German language measles, is associated with a disorder called congenital rubella syndrome, which can cause miscarriages and birth defects such as deafness, blindness and mental retardation.^[23] Vaccination is an effective preventive measure. On behalf of the March of Dimes, Virginia Apgar testified to the United States Senate in 1969 near the importance of federal funding of a rubella immunization plan,^[24] and the organization funded^{[ description needed ]} a vaccine, which was licensed in the early 1970s.^[25] In 2006, a statement published in Birth Defects Research Part A credited the "remarkable success of the immunization program to eliminate rubella is due to joint efforts past the Centers for Illness Command and Prevention, various state and local health departments, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the March of Dimes".^[26]

Maternal and neonatal intendance [edit]

In 1976, the March of Dimes published a report titled Toward Improving the Outcome of Pregnancy (TIOP), and in 1993 they published Toward Improving the Consequence of Pregnancy: The 90s and Beyond (TIOP II).^[27] TIOP "stratified maternal and neonatal intendance into 3 levels of complexity and recommended referral of loftier-risk patients to centers with the personnel and resources needed for their degree of risk and severity of affliction."^[27] TIOP was published when "resources for the most complex care were relatively scarce and full-bodied in academic medical centers."^[27] TIOP II updated care complication designations from levels I, Ii and III to basic, specialty and subspecialty, and the criteria were expanded.^[27]

In 2001, the March of Dimes introduced a family support program for those with babies in a neonatal intensive intendance unit (NICU).^[28] The programme seeks to educate NICU staff to communicate effectively with patients' families.^{[29] [30]} The March of Dimes hosted the Symposium on Quality Comeback to Prevent Prematurity in Oct 2009.^{[31] [32] [33]} In December 2010, the March of Dimes released TIOP III, subtitled Enhancing Perinatal Wellness Through Quality, Safety, and Performance Initiatives.

Fetal booze syndrome [edit]

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is categorized equally a group of birth defects ranging from mental retardation to various growth and behavioral problems.^[34] The March of Dimes has provided grant funding for FAS research,^{[35] [36]} and they supported the National Council on Alcoholism in its push for legislation to bring public attention to the dangers of alcohol use past pregnant women.^{[ verification needed ]} This led to a 1989 law mandating a warning label about the risk of birth defects that alcoholic beverages still bear today.^{[37] [ verification needed ] [38]}

Folic acid [edit]

The March of Dimes has campaigned for public education on folic acid,^[39] a vitamin which can prevent neural tube defects such every bit spina bifida and anencephaly if mothers take enough of it in their body. The March of Dimes has funded polls on folic acid from The Gallup Arrangement.^[forty] Assay of some of the results, said that women aged 18–24 years had the least awareness regarding folic acid consumption or cognition about when information technology should be taken.^[41] On the issue, the organization partnered with the Grain Foods Foundation, an manufacture grouping, in public education efforts.^{[42] [43]}

Prematurity entrada [edit]

Sensation about preterm birth, which is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes, is an organizational goal. According to an editorial in the May 2004 issue of the Journal of the National Medical Association, the original goals of the campaign were to raise awareness of the problem from 35 percent to at least 60 percent and to subtract the rate of premature births by at least fifteen percent (from 11.9 percent to 10.ane percent).^[44] In 2008, the Prematurity Campaign was extended by the Lath of Trustees until 2020, and global targets were set up for prematurity prevention.^[45] In 2008, the March of Dimes started its almanac Premature Birth Report Carte, which grades the nation and each individual state on preterm nativity rates.^[46]

Newborn screening [edit]

March of Dimes states on its website that it supports mandated newborn screening of all babies in all states in the U.Southward. for at least xxx life-threatening conditions for which effective handling and reliable testing are available to forbid catastrophic consequences to the child.^{[47] [48]}

In 2003, the March of Dimes began releasing an annual, state-by-country report carte du jour on each state'due south adoption of expanded newborn screening recommended past the American College of Medical Genetics. March of Dimes president Jennifer L. Howse, Ph.D. has stated that this programme is intended to inform parents of the tests bachelor in their country, enabling those with afflicted babies to pursue early on treatment.^[49]

According to a presentation at the 2005 annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, private, state-based March of Dimes chapters work with governors, state legislators, health departments, health professionals, and parents to ameliorate land newborn screening programs and to make comprehensive newborn screening programs bachelor to every newborn throughout the country.^[50]

In 2005, only 38 percent of infants were born in states that required screening for 21 or more than of 29 core conditions recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics; but by 2009, all 50 states and the District of Columbia required screening for 21 or more than of these treatable disorders.^[51]

NICU Family Support

March of Dimes introduced the NICU Family unit Back up^[52] program in 2001 to provide information and comfort to families during the NICU hospitalization of their newborn and to contribute to NICU staff professional person development. Today information technology operates in 68 hospitals in the United States to serve more than l,000 families annually. In 2018, March of Dimes released the My NICU Baby app^[53] that provides families with information while in the NICU and to aid them transition home.

Global Report on Nascence Defects [edit]

The March of Dimes published its Global Report on Birth Defects in 2006, which estimated birth defects' global burden.^[54]

White paper on prematurity [edit]

In 2009, the March of Dimes partnered with the Section of Reproductive Health and Research of the World Health Organization (RHR/WHO) to publish a white paper on the global and regional toll of preterm birth worldwide. This report, which was the commencement attempt to identify the global scope of premature births and related baby deaths, found that an estimated 13 one thousand thousand infants worldwide are built-in premature each year and more than one million of them die in their first calendar month of life. Further, premature births account for 9.vi percent of total births and for 28 pct of newborn deaths. The highest rates of premature birth are in Africa, followed by North America (Canada and the United States combined).^[55]

March for Babies [edit]

Established in 1970, the March for Babies, previously chosen WalkAmerica,^[56] is the largest fundraiser of the year for the March of Dimes, as well as the oldest nationwide charitable walking event.^[57] In the decades since, many other organizations take used the walkathon format to help enhance money.^[58] Funds raised past the event support March of Dimes-sponsored research and other programs to prevent premature nascency, nascence defects and baby bloodshed.^[59]

According to the March of Dimes, March for Babies is held in more than 900 communities across the nation. Every year, 1 one thousand thousand people—including twenty,000 company teams, family teams and national sponsors—participate in the outcome, which has raised more than $one.viii billion since 1970.^[lx] The March of Dimes states that seventy-six cents of every dollar raised in March for Babies is spent on research and programs to help prevent premature nascence, birth defects and babe mortality.^[61]

The first person to walk for the March of Dimes was John Harrison Finger, a cloth worker in High Point, N Carolina. In 1948, his daughter came home from school and asked for a donation for the polio fund. Finger replied that he did not accept the money just that he would raise some. In what is thought to be the first walkathon in March of Dimes history, Finger walked 32 miles — circular trip from Loftier Point to Greensboro — and nerveless a total of $one,700 in a red wagon he pulled behind him. During his lifetime he walked more than than 1,000 miles and raised $15,832 to do good the charity. The March of Dimes formally created its nationwide WalkAmerica drive in 1971, and Finger was named "Mr. WalkAmerica" in 1983.^{[62] [63]}

Sounds of Pertussis [edit]

One time rare in the United states of america, cases of pertussis (whooping coughing) are appearing beyond the country with greater frequency.^[64] To address this effect, the March of Dimes and Sanofi Pasteur launched a national education campaign in 2010 called "Sounds of Pertussis" to heighten awareness nearly the seriousness of pertussis and the need for adult vaccination to preclude infecting babies.^{[64] [65]} NASCAR commuter Jeff Gordon is a national spokesperson for the campaign.^[66] The entrada recently sponsored a song-writing contest called Sound Off Nigh Pertussis, which was won by Maria Bennett with her original song, "Give Pertussis a Whooping."^[67]

Healthy Babies are Worth the Wait [edit]

To combat the state'south high prematurity levels, in 2007, the March of Dimes, the Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Establish, and the Kentucky Department for Public Wellness partnered with six Kentucky hospitals to launch "Healthy Babies Are Worth the Expect," a health promotion and prematurity prevention initiative intended to reduce the rate of preventable preterm births in targeted areas of Kentucky.^{[68] [69]} Kentucky was called as a pilot due to an elevated preterm nativity charge per unit greater than the national average that had been steadily increasing over the by few years, its predisposition to adaptable take a chance factors such as smoking and nutrition, and the commitment and dedication of community leaders. In 2007–2009, the trial programs saw a vi.5% reduction in preterm nascency rates.^[70] The success of the program in the State of Kentucky led to the evolution of similar initiatives in New Jersey, Texas, New York, Kansas, and Illinois with upcoming sites in Florida and California.^[71]

The primary goal of Healthy Babies Are Worth the Await is a 15 pct reduction in the rate of singleton (ane baby) preterm births in these targeted areas^[72] through increasing knowledge and instruction regarding factors that increase the risks of preterm birth, influencing change in health care settings and creating new advancements in preventing preterm and low-birth-weight births. Other strategic goals include improving access to prenatal services and lowering the rate of early constituent deliveries washed earlier 39 weeks gestation.^[71]

The Healthy Babies are Worth the Wait initiative was developed based on five core concepts: Partnerships and collaborations, Provider initiatives, Patient support, Public engagement, and Progress measurement. The program encourages providers to brainwash patients on the risk factors and prevention methods for preterm births, inform women of childbearing age of the challenges of delivering prematurely, and distribute public information regarding the costs of prematurity on society ($26 meg annually).^[73]

Programme initiatives and services include progesterone shots given to meaning women with by histories of preterm births, encouraging folic acrid usage and stress management during pregnancy, and developing strategies to eliminate cesarean deliveries and inductions before 39 week'due south gestation unless medically necessary. The programme was implemented every bit a All-time Practice in the Association of Maternal & Child Health Programs (AMCHP) in 2015.^[74]

Perinatal Information Center [edit]

The March of Dimes Perinatal Information Center includes the PeriStats Web site, which provides free access to U.South., country, canton, and city maternal and baby wellness data.^[75]

Legislation supported [edit]

• PREEMIE Reauthorization Act (S. 252; 113th Congress) – a bill that would reauthorize inquiry by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention related to preterm nascence and take other actions to improve infant bloodshed rates.^[76]
• Newborn Screening Saves Lives Reauthorization Human activity of 2013 (H.R. 1281; 113th Congress) - a bill that would amend the Public Health Service Human action to reauthorize grant programs and other initiatives to promote expanded screening of newborns and children for heritable disorders.^{[77] [78]} The March of Dimes described the bill as reauthorizing "disquisitional federal activities that assist states in improving and expanding their newborn screening programs, supporting parents and provider newborns screening education, and ensuring laboratory quality and surveillance."^[78]
• State Children'south Health Insurance Program reauthorization - a neb that supported the continuation of the State Children's Wellness Insurance Program (SCHIP), a program that provides health insurance to 11 million low-income children and pregnant women. In 2007 and 2009, March of Dimes partnered with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the National Clan of Children's Hospitals (NACH) on the consequence.^{[79] [80] [81]}

Notable staff [edit]

Virginia Apgar, M.D., the creator of the Apgar Score, joined the March of Dimes in 1959 and eventually served as vice president for medical diplomacy.^[82]

Criticism and controversy [edit]

Fauna rights organizations accept raised concerns nigh March of Dimes-funded medical research involving animals.^[83] The foundation states it supports the use of non-animal research alternatives wherever possible.

In his book Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, sociologist Professor James M. Henslin describes March of Dimes every bit a bureaucracy that has taken on a life of its own through a classic example of a procedure called goal displacement. Faced with redundancy after Jonas Salk discovered the polio vaccine, it adopted a new mission, "fighting nascency defects", which was recently changed to a vaguer goal of "quantum for babies", rather than disbanding.^{[84] [85]}

Clemency Navigator, an organization that attempts to quantify the effectiveness of charities, has given the organization a rating of two stars (out of 4). This is a merged score that attributes both a Financial as well as Accountability & Transparency rating to a non-profit. As of Financial Year 2015, Charity Navigator gives a 60.xviii out of 100 score for Financial and a 97.00 out of 100 for Accountability & Transparency.^[86] This gives the March of Dimes a merged score of 71.76, leading to their 2 star status.

Some other criticism has been that President Jennifer Howse's bounty is loftier. In 2011, the March of Dimes' tax filings reported it equally $545,982,^[87] and the organization's filings from 2014 reported her salary as $503,692,^[88] virtually 25% higher than the median CEO salary for similarly sized charities.^[89]

The March of Dimes has likewise faced criticism regarding their direct donations to Planned Parenthood,^[90] which some claim contradicts their cocky-claimed mission that they fight "for the wellness of all moms and babies".^[91]

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External links [edit]

• Official website
• "At the President'south Birthday Ball" (1942) by the Glenn Miller Orchestra (YouTube)
• "Fund Raising for Roosevelt", unissued British Pathé newsreel footage, without sound, of the 1944 March of Dimes and the President'due south Birthday Ball; incorrectly identified as political campaign fundraising (YouTube)
• America Salutes the President's Birthday (March of Dimes fund appeals 1943–45) at the RadioGOLDINdex
• FDR's Altogether at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

March for Babies Walk Safety and Risk Management

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Dimes

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